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Elizabeth had given financial help to the rebels, however, remained reluctant to provoke King Phillip by getting directly involved. Study notes, videos, interactive activities and more! [This summary of factors helps re- establish conceptual focus]. Despite the failure of 1585, another attempt to colonise Virginia took place. Therefore, Henry created the Church of England, a protestant church, which allowed for divorce. A very detailed response which demonstrates excellent subject knowledge and reaches a clear judgement based on justifiable criteria. Describe two features of the threats posed to Elizabeth in 1558 3. . Their complete failure effectively ended any threat Spain posed to the English. Naval support by the English proved to be more effective for the Dutch rebels and a fleet of English ships patrolled the Dutch coastline to prevent the Spanish from landing some of their forces by sea. The death of Spains leading admiral, Santa Cruz, in February 1588, led to the appointment of the inexperienced Duke of Medina Sidonia to lead the Spanish Armada. All Catholic priests are ordered to leave the country. Babington and other known plotters were hanged, drawn and quartered. Boston House, "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - introduction. John White (another leading colonist) sailed back to England to report on the problems being experienced. Europe. Francis Drake is knighted on the Golden Hind. The negotiations dragged on for four years with Elizabeth never giving a firm answer and Charles refusing to give up his Catholic faith. Even though a truce was decided, there was still a constant threat from the Scots and French to the English security . The war was going badly for England. He saw Drake as a pirate and therefore deemed Elizabeths act as deliberately provocative. She raised an army following her escape from prison but was defeated at Langside (Glasgow). Spain depended on large ships which were heavy and difficult to handle whereas the English built long, narrow ships that were faster and easier to handle. . An example of data being processed may be a unique identifier stored in a cookie. She was able to fight off illness, rebellions . Reasons why Philip used the Spanish Armada. The Armada sailed up the Channel in a defensive crescent formation which used the large armed galleons to protect the weaker supply ships and infantry ships. Pick a key scene from the story and tell it from the third-person limited point of view, through Doodle's senses and feelings. When Mary, Queen of Scots arrived in England in 1568, replacing Elizabeth with Mary became a realistic possibility. - rebelling of scottish lords. However, Elizabeth was fearful that a foreign husband would have not put the needs of England first. They had enjoyed religious freedom under Queen Mary, Elizabeth's sister, and they were now being. This pleased those eager for her to marry, but made many unhappy because they did not want her to marry a French Catholic. This was one of the more serious courtships of Elizabeth's reign. The Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis of April 1559 between Spain and France was meant to be the start of lasting peace between the two. - Leith blockade. This meant that England had suffered economically as they were not generating any income from Calais. These privateers also raided Spanish ships and attacked the treasure fleets that carried gold and silver from the Americas to Spain. Some Vikings fled to France to establish a colony called Normandy. threats did Elizabeth face in 1558? Coronation: 15 January 1559, Westminster Abbey. Essentially, this meant England and Spain were now at war. The death of Mary in November 1558 took England out of the equation. Her aggressive stance on some issues led to further problems such as those faced in Ireland. Phillip was warned against this mission but believed he was on a mission from God. However, she was fearful of the presence of Spain in the Netherlands, who were busy putting down the Dutch Revolt from 1566 under the command of the Duke of Alba. The rebellion involved a force of approximately 5500 men and, for approximately a month, the north of England (from Alnwick to Pontefract, east of the Pennines) was in the control of the northern earls. Apply for student finance without a bank account? This significantly committed Elizabeth to support the Dutch rebels directly against the Spanish. To know the dates for your GCSE exams for 2020, you firstly need to identify which exam board you are studying for your subject. A war would have to involve invasion because after 1558 England had no possessions in mainland Europe (Calais had been lost in 1558). This meant two of the most powerful European nations were now united against Protestantism, placing Elizabeth in a precarious position. The New World, privateering and the significance of the activities of Sir Francis Drake. The failure of the colonisation was due to: the resistance of the Native Americans; conflict amongst the English settlers (who collectively had the wrong mix of skills to make the settlement a real success); the loss of supplies via the damage incurred on The Tiger and the fact that the voyage set off too late for crops to be planted (causing dependence on the rightfully suspicious Native Americans). Spymaster and Secretary of State from 1573 Francis Walsingham uncovered the plot. 14-16 / More significantly, she was worried she would have to adopt a secondary role in the running of her country, as the period was very patriarchal. The answer does touch upon the issue of religion but this could be extended further to acknowledge the extensive divisions within society given the preceding tumultuous changes (a brief mention of the role of the puritans for example could help). In the eyes of the Church of England, Henry and Catherine were divorced and then Henry could marry Anne. The victory over the Spanish boosted Elizabeths popularity and strengthened the Protestant cause as it was a sign that God favoured Protestantism. The execution of Mary, Queen of Scots, finally removed the on-going threat at home from Catholics who wanted to replace Elizabeth with her. While a baby is born at various points throughout the show, Francis is not its father. In total, less than 10000 men and half the fleet made it back to Spain. Elizabeth seized the gold which angered King Phillip and in response, he seized English ships that were in Antwerp. [Clear link back to the question at the end of the paragraph here.]. The imprisonment owed to her likely involvement in the murder of her second husband, Lord Darnley. W ith the first female vice president taking office in the US, and female leaders around the world excelling despite a global crisis, it's hard to imagine why women have been wildly underrepresented in leadership for so long. To counter homelessness and the begging/criminal activity that sometimes accompanied this, a law was passed that stated that, if found, vagrants were: 1) to be whipped and have a hole drilled through each ear 2) if found a second time would be imprisoned 3) would be killed if found a third time. First English colony in Virginia established. Drake was the first English person to achieve this (and the second person in history at the time). The Spanish had a greater army and Dudleys army was significantly smaller. Most of the new ships were being built in the deepwater port Portuguese port of Lisbon which was protected by strong fortifications. Her forty-five year reign was constantly under threat, which makes the fact that she was able to overcome these for forty-five years even more remarkable. The Throckmorton plot was a conspiracy to assassinate Queen Elizabeth and replace her with Mary, Queen of Scots in 1583. The accession of Elizabeth Tudor to the throne of England in November 1558 meant that Mary was, by virtue of her Tudor blood, next in line to the English throne. Queen Elizabeth and King Phillip II were still reluctant to openly declare war with one another however, in 1585, this changed due to dispute over the Netherlands. Boston House, Henry believed that Elizabeth wanted France to go to war with Spain while England looked on and would benefit from the probable weakening of both. It was the arrival of Mary which also partly contributed to the revolt of the Northern Earls in 1569, which had brief success. - death of henry II. Mary, Queen of Scots cousin (the French Duke of Guise) intended to invade England, free Mary, overthrow Elizabeth and restore Catholicism. They were not able to do this because the English used their greater manoeuvrability to stay out of range while firing broadsides (massive barrages of cannonballs) that could sink the Spanish ships. In 1558, England and Spain were still allies against France, but King Philip of Spain (who had been married to Mary) hated Protestantism with a passion. As the war ended, Philip II of Spain wanted to stay on good . Fearful of the wrath of Catholic powerhouses, France and Spain, Elizabeth did not want to be perceived as Europes leading Protestant. King Phillip had been preparing for an attack on England since 1585 and Marys execution made the situation worse with him even more determined to invade England. Another problem Elizabeth I had when she ascended to the throne in 1558 was the problems she had with illegitimacy. After his successful raid on Cadiz, Drake sailed along the coast of Portugal and Spain, seizing Spanish ships and destroying supplies that were being sent to Lisbon for the Armada. From 1566 the Pope had instructed English Catholics to take part in recusancy, and by 1570 a Papal Bull had been issued excommunicating Elizabeth and stating that English Catholics had no need to have loyalty towards their Queen and instead should help overthrow her. One was debt. Francis Drake led an attack at Cadiz on the Spanish fleet, who were preparing for an invasion of the English. 30 ships were destroyed, as well as lots of supplies. If this union between Scotland and France became something, Spain could help England by attacking France from below. She was the last monarch of the Tudor period. - large religious threat as shows the chance of invasion increased due to the fact Spain and France could unite together against England. The most important reason however was a combination of Marys arrival and the Popes interference. Boston House, In response to the Throckmorton Plot, Elizabeths advisors drafted the Bond of Association, which was aimed at deterring any further plots. Boston Spa, LS23 6AD - I partly agree with the statement as both France and Spain were powerful Catholic countries, who could unite against Protestant England. There was a very real risk that he could form an alliance with other Catholic powers such as France and Spain and invade England. Elizabeth I faced more difficulties as a monarch than any other Tudor. Abroad, however, was another matter as Marys execution inflamed Catholic opposition and increased the threat of foreign invasion. In all, whilst the Catholic threat was increased through Elizabeths interference with the Dutch revolt, as it incurred the anger of the Spanish, it was Mary Queen of Scots presence that emboldened the Catholic threat. The Catholic threat Many Catholics in England were not happy with Elizabeth's Settlement. This led to a rampage of Spanish soldiers and the sacking of Antwerp. The problems arose as she ruled an isolated protestant kingdom surrounded by catholic superpowers. The fact that the Pope never approved Henry VIIIs divorce from Catherine of Aragon in 1533 (and England had to break from Rome in order to achieve this) combined with the fact that Catherine was still alive when Elizabeth was born. Elizabeth faced many problems upon her accession to her throne in 1558 and, whilst the question of legitimacy was important, the immediate concerns of debt, as well as the threat from France and Scotland were of far greater significance as they instantly impacted upon her ability to rule. The English ships moved in for the attack and the following battle lasted several hours with 5 Spanish ships having been sunk. Elizabeth had taken the decision to arrest any Catholic bishops that did not accept her authority as sovereign over them. These ensured the plots were uncovered before they could be fully developed. Thomas Percy, 7th Earl of Northumberland was part of the Rising in the North in 1569. This caused panic among the Spanish sailors, who cut their anchor cables and broke their defensive formation as they headed for the open sea. The core of her legitimacy problem centred around the circumstances of her birth by Anne Boleyn. Many colonists this time were poverty-stricken Londoners (it was felt they would be used to hard work and would therefore be happy to work for a new life in the New World). Good explanation and link back to the question here at the end of the paragraph.]. In order to marry Anne Boleyn, Henry VIII had to divorce his first wife, Catherine of Aragon. A great threat was presented by Catholic opposition to Elizabeth's rule, but Mary's influence over this, and therefore the threat that she posed as an individual, may be called into question. Cleopatra, Queen Victoria and many more. The most important reason why Mary was a threat to Elizabeth's reign was the fact that Mary was Catholic. -In 1558, Elizabeth the first became queen. LS23 6AD Te Deums were sung in churches, bonfires lit, and "their was shott at the Tower that night above two thousand . The conspirators including Babington were all. We and our partners use cookies to Store and/or access information on a device. VAT reg no 816865400. VAT reg no 816865400. One fact that should not be ignored from 1566 was the increasing role of the Pope and his determination to undermine Elizabeth. Moreover, a child would create more stability domestically and nullify challenges to the throne (like that from Mary Queen of Scots) as a political vacuum would have been filled. Elizabeth had been in power for eight years by 1566 and it was at this time that the Catholic threat began to increase. This helps to explain why Elizabeth had to deal with so many plots, the intention of which was to replace Elizabeth with Mary.