Eratosthenes's main interest in youth was philosophy and that vocation led him to Athens at the age of 15. He was the son of Aglaus, of whom no historical record is preserved, so it is thought that he was not of an important family at the time. He lived in Athens until Ptolemy Evergetes, the king of Egypt . He described the geography of the world into two parts: (i) Europa, and (ii) Libya (Africa including Asia). Book Collection Nonfiction: High School Edition. The texts of his early works as a poet are not preserved either; however, some names were passed on to posterity through quotations from other Greeks. to locate all prime numbers between two integers. They made the earliest form of navigational or oceanographic map, called stick charts. He believed that the Earth was the center of the Universe. He conceived the subcontinent of India to be of rhomboidal form and supposed the range of Imaus (Himalayas) which he said extended from west to east, to have made the boundary of India. These works and his great poetic abilities led the pharaoh Ptolemy III Euergetes to seek to place him as a librarian at the Library of Alexandria in the year 245 BC. He found the circumference of the Earth to be nearly 250,000 stadia (25,000 miles). are near the ocean) Life began in the ocean 4 billion years before present Stayed there for over 3 billion years before venturing out onto the surface Take notes about his accomplishments. Greeks-create Maps of Med. However, his contributions to the study of the earth gave him the title of father of geography. He was a figure of influence in many fields who yearned to understand the complexities of the entire world. [10] He then studied under Aristo of Chios, who led a more cynical school of philosophy. Eratosthenes Contribution to Geography ugc net, Aristotle Contribution to Geography Notes By NETSET CORNER, Hipparchus Contribution to Geography Notes By NETSET CORNER, Contribution of Greek Scholar in Geography Full Notes for UGC NET, GEOGRAPHY UNIT WISE MOCK TEST (MCQS) NTA UGC NET, Contribution of Alexander Von Humboldt in the Field of Geography NTA UGC NET, Geomorphology 200 MCQS Mock Test 1 NTA UGC NET, MODEL MOCK TEST FOR GEOGRAPHY PAPER 2 NTA UGC NET. Ben-Avraham et al. Eratosthenes was the founder of scientific chronology;[5] he used Egyptian and Persian records to estimate the dates of the main events of the mythical Trojan War, dating the sack of Troy to 1183 BC. Definition. Who is father of geography in India? He also calculated the tilt axis of the Earth. Eratosthenes is also known for his achievement in astronomy. [6] He wrote Chronographies, a text that scientifically depicted dates of importance, beginning with the Trojan War. Who Can Benefit From Diaphragmatic Breathing? Digital Radiography Technique, In mathematics, the sieve of Eratosthenes (Greek: ), one of a number of prime number sieves, is a simple, ancient algorithm for finding all prime numbers up to any given limit. Uf Women's Studies Electives, Cars &vehicles (9) Within about five years he became Chief Librarian, a position that the poet Apollonius Rhodius had previously held. At the Library of Alexandria, he was the chief librarian where he read books on a variety of disciplines that expanded his knowledge extensively. He accepted the three continents (Europe, Asia, and Libya) and five climatic zones (one torrid zone, two temperate zones, and two frigid zones), [2] The term geography was first coined by Eratosthenese. Earth Science Oceanography: An Invitation To Marine Science, Loose-leaf Versin How did the Library of Alexandria contribute to the development of marine science? A geographer is a physical scientist, social scientist, or humanist whose field of study is geography. Despite the fact that in Greek times young people from wealthy families had more access to education, there were male academies. [19] This book is the first recorded instance of many terms still in use today, including the name of the discipline geography. Of the four people named as his students in Suda, three cannot be identified with certainty and were therefore hardly important scientists. In addition to the attempts of Eratosthenes of Cyrene (c. 276c. As a young man, Eratosthenes studied in Athens. He calculated the Earth's circumference. Eratosthenes is famous for making the first good measurement of the size of the Earth. a. Eratosthenes of Cyrene developed longitude and latitude. Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2010. Eratosthenes is most famous for making the first good measurement of the size of Earth. His work is comparable to what is now known as the study of geography, and he introduced some of the terminology still used today.[1]. He developed systems of latitudes and longitudes and ascertained accurate length of equator using Gnomon. He believed it was a fixed globe whose changes only took place on the surface. Arab and Muslim contribution to geography was not only confined to astronomical and mathematical geography, but rather covered a wide range of the branches of the discipline known at the present time. He drew the meridian through Alexandria, Syene, Rhodes and the mouth of Boresthenes (Dniester). James Rennell has been dubbed the Father of Indian Geography, as well as the Father of Oceanography for his pioneering work on oceanography. Humboldt and Kant. Ptolemys most significant geographical innovation was the record of longitudes and latitudes in degrees on his world map for roughly 8,000 locations, allowing him to create an exact duplicate of his map. Alfred Hettner, who inherited the concept of chorology, further developed it. Home | About | Contact | Copyright | Privacy | Cookie Policy | Terms & Conditions | Sitemap. [1] However, his Geography has been lost to history, although fragments of the work can be pieced together from other great historians like Pliny, Polybius, Strabo, and Marcianus. Events Egyptian trade on nile 4000 B.C. Ptolemy III was not moved only by his interest in the work of Eratosthenes, but also by political motives. Ptolemy studied the reflection of light on flat and spherical mirrors as well as its refraction when it crosses the surface between two transparent media, defending the theory that vision is caused by a flow emanating from the eye. Geography is the study of where things are found, why they exist, and how they develop and change over time. _____ includes the study of the earth at History of Oceanography TIMELINE Print PDF Zoom Out Events Egyptian trade on nile 4000 B.C. Home | About | Contact | Copyright | Privacy | Cookie Policy | Terms & Conditions | Sitemap. So he trained and became famous as an academic. Eratosthenes - He was a Greek mathematician who had a profound interest in geography. It was said that these were copied so accurately that it was impossible to tell if the library had returned the original or the copy. Among the ancient Greek scholars Herodotus, Plato, Aristotle, Eratosthenes is the chief ones. [4] He created the first global projection of the world, incorporating parallels and meridians based on the available geographic knowledge of his era. Ptolemy was an astronomer and mathematician. He did this by observing the Moon during a lunar eclipse and by estimating the angle and the size of the Earth. He made maps, both of the world and sky and is said to have made a map that included 675 stars. Eratosthenes contributions to Mathematics are very notable and well known. The actual circumference of the Earth is 24,874 miles (40,032 kilometers). They also built a ship know as the Knarr. Eratosthenes. Transit of Venus across the sum verified orbits 2. The suns rays are parallel, and the earth is round. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Eratosthenes went to Alexandria and found out that the light hit the earth at an angle of 7.2 degrees. Eratosthenes' other contributions include: The Sieve of Eratosthenes as a way of finding prime numbers. The first recorded use of the word geography was by Eratosthenes, a Greek scholar who lived from 276-194 BC who is credited with creating the discipline of geography (Eratosthenes' Geography. Prince Henry the navigators contribution to ocean exploration included? Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. At present it is known that the equatorial diameter is 40,075 kilometers. Rist, J.M. He also dedicated to Eratosthenes The method. Review of (D.W.) Roller 'Eratosthenes' Geography. On oceanography he was considered an . Eratosthenes calculates circumference of Earth, invents latitude and longitude 230 B.C. The numbers from one to 400 are written in a table, with the numbers one to 20 across the top row. Leaving Cape Town in April 1932, Discoveryand its oceanographers, including George Deacon, circumnavigated Antarctica, much of the first few months at sea the Antarctic winter, completing the long series of sections in April 1933 before returning to England. He sketched, quite accurately, the route of the Nile to Khartoum, showing the two Ethiopian tributaries. Definition. This meant that if he continued the light waves at Alexandria and the light waves at Syene, they would meet at a 7.2 degree angle at the center of the earth. Bailey, Ellen. Eratosthenes of Cyrene Prince Henry the navigator's contribution to ocean exploration included? Eratosthenes also calculated the distance from the Earth to the Moon and to the Sun, but with less accuracy. Eratosthenes of Cyrene was a Greek polymath: a mathematician, geographer, poet, astronomer, and music theorist. Kerry Liverpool Supporters Club, He used as a basis the ecliptic movement, that is, the movement of the sun observed by the apparent changes of the same from the earth. He used parallels and meridians to link together every place in the world. He made two important contributions, out of which one was later proved wrong, while the other was right, but it was overlooked for a long time. The authors' texts have always been recognized for their readability, currency, dynamic art program, delivery of basic principles and instructor flexibility. He first studied with Zeno at the school of the Stoics. [6] His devotees nicknamed him Pentathlos after the Olympians who were well rounded competitors, for he had proven himself to be knowledgeable in every area of learning. Atlantic Ocean- long, narrow, parrallel sides 68% of freshwater runs into it. He invented a system of latitude and longitude and he also might have calculated the distance from earth to the sun and invented the leap day. Later he joined the Platonists as a pupil of Arcesilao.It was then that Eratosthenes created a work called Platonicus, in which, following Plato's method, he explored mathematical and cosmological issues. He studied astronomy, geography, and math. Eratosthenes, in full Eratosthenes of Cyrene, (born c. 276 bce, Cyrene, Libyadied c. 194 bce, Alexandria, Egypt), Greek scientific writer, astronomer, and poet, who made the first measurement of the size of Earth for which any details are known. He says Alexander ignored his advisers by his regard for all people with law and government. Name the major oceans and their main characteristics. Defending the theory that vision is due to a flow emanating from the eye, Ptolemy analyzed the reflection of light on flat and spherical mirrors, and its refraction when it crosses the surface between two transparent media. He remained the librarian for about 40 years till his death. Systmone Remote Access, Atlantic Ocean- long, narrow, parrallel sides 68% of freshwater runs into it. In the second, he showed his studies on the dimensions of the earth and the last was devoted to political geography. Eratosthenes hired a man to pace the distance between the two cities and learned they were 5,000 stadia apart, which is about 800 kilometers. Eratosthenes was well acquainted with the extent of the Red sea, which he described as extending for about 9000 stadia (900 miles) from the head of Gulf of Suez to the Bab-al-Mandab. Hipparchus (c. 190120 bce) was the first to construct a table of values for a trigonometric function. A new play celebrates the 17th-Century Italian artist Artemisia Gentileschi, who defied her rape and torture through masterful paintings. Aristarchus was one of the first astronomers to calculate the relative sizes of the Sun, the Moon and the Earth. ISBN: 978-0-691-14267-8. Other things that Eratosthenes thought but did not turn out to be: the fact that the earth is a perfect sphere, that Alexandria is exactly north of Siena, and that the sun's rays are perfectly parallel. He created an algorithm to find prime numbers that is known as the Sieve of Eratosthenes. Eratosthenes may have been the first to use the word geography. Eckerman, C. (2011). Geography is derived from the Greek words geo (the Earth in its broadest sense) and graphos (graphos (graphy), which means to write about. To write about the Earth in a literal sense. It is thought that Eratosthenes may also have been a pupil of Callimachus. Islandwide Breakfast Delivery, What did Eratosthenes study? He died in 194BC at 82 in Alexandria. The circumference of the Earth was measured by Eratosthenes. He was a follower of Aristotle in his belief about the spherical shape of the Earth which he considered to be placed in the centre of the universe. Eratosthenes analyzed the observations with the assumption that the earth is a sphere and the sun is very far away. Alexander the Great conquered Cyrene in 332 BC, and following his death in 323 BC, its rule was given to one of his generals, Ptolemy I Soter, the founder of the Ptolemaic Kingdom. Christopher Columbus was one of those who studied the work of Eratosthenes. In 1870, Dr. C. Wyville Thomson suggested that the Royal Society of London ask the British government for the use of one of its ships for an extended . Eratosthenes died in Alexandria, approximately in 194 BC, when he was 82 years old. Although Eratosthenes method was well founded, the accuracy of his calculation was inherently limited. About 150 years later, Eratosthenes (264-194 B.C.) However, he assumed that Siena was right over the Tropic of Cancer, a fact that was incorrect. Eratosthenes was an illustrious ancient Greek polymath who had expertise in mathematics, astronomy and geography. He made a catalog of 675 stars. It allows scientists to pinpoint specific locations using a system of degrees. Eratosthenes' "Geography". Geographers look at both the physical properties of the Earths surface and the human societies that live on it. Eratosthenes knew from readings he had taken in Alexandria that during the summer solstice in Siena, at noon the sun was just overhead. Around 255BC, he invented the armillary sphere. Later, the Greeks speculated on the idea that the earth was round. The psychological effects of incarceration: what goes on in the minds of prisoners? Eratosthenes (276 BC - 194 BC) was an Ancient Greek scientist and philosopher who did work in astronomy, geometry, geography, mathematics, as well as poetry and history. He was born in 271 BC in Cyrene, which is now known as Libya, in North Africa. Geographika had 3 volumes. This is important to marine science because these concepts are used for locations around the globe. salinity, waves, tides and winds. Eratosthenes' method of measuring Earth's circumference, This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Eratosthenes, Famous Scientists - Biography of Eratosthenes, Ancient History Encyclopedia - Biography of Eratosthenes, Eratosthenes - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up). Boldly, they also sailed across the open ocean to settle Iceland and Greenland, even landing in North Americabecoming the first Europeans to do so. a. Eratosthenes of Cyrene developed longitude and latitude . Eratosthenes, in full Eratosthenes of Cyrene, (born c. 276 bce, Cyrene, Libyadied c. 194 bce, Alexandria, Egypt), Greek scientific writer, astronomer, and poet, who made the first measurement of the size of Earth for which any details are known. First maps showing water (river charts) 3800 B.C. However, it was in geography where he proved to be more skillful for he was one of the greatest of all ancient geographers. Eratosthenes who made observations at Syene (Aswan) and Alexandria calculated the circumference of the earth as 250,000 stadia (25,000 miles). Cyrene, then a Greek city, is now the town of Shahhat in Libya. The city of Cyrene had spent an independent period from Egypt until the marriage between Ptolemy III and Berenice, the daughter of Magas, governor of that city. Learn, revise and practice all the mocks questions related to the Oceanography with our simple and easy Flashcard quizzes How far from the correct value was Erathosthenes? He is regarded as the first scientific geographer who measured the length of the equator almost accurately (24860 miles) on sound principles with the help of gnomon. Eratosthenes Lived c. 276 BC - c. 194 BC. Archimedes is regarded as one of the most notable Greek mathematicians. He did not use the mythological descriptions that were common at the time, but relied on military texts to carry out his work. Hipparchus divided the Earth's surface into 360 degrees. Another of his great contributions to geography was the study and map that he made of the route of the Nile River from Khartoum, in which he included the Ethiopian tributaries. Eratosthenes of Cyrene (c. 276 BCE192 or 194 BCE) was an ancient Greek mathematician, poet, and astronomer who is known as the father of geography. establishing a center for the study of marine science and navigation in Portugal. He believed that the celestial bodies revolved around the Earth. In the first, Eratosthenes addressed the previous theories and compiled the existing information in the library. Eratosthenes had a significant impact on geography. He lived in Athens until Ptolemy Evergetes, the king of Egypt, commissioned Eratosthenes to run the Library of Alexandria, which became the most important center of knowledge in the region. how do floodplains jeopardize the livelihoods of agricultural workers. He is best known for being the first person known to calculate the circumference of the Earth, which he did by using the extensive survey results he could access in his role at the Library; his calculation was remarkably accurate. Etching of an ancient seal identified as Eratosthenes. With these data (length of the shadow and length of the rod), Eratosthenes calculated the angle of the sun's rays in 1/50 of a circumference. *Egyptians utilized the Nile River and created a commerce based on ship-based trade (4000 BC). Eratosthenes now continued from his knowledge about the Earth. Each fragment is accompanied by an English translation, a summary, and commentary. He sought to maintain the reputation of the Library of Alexandria against competition from the Library of Pergamum. Eratosthenes (276-195 BCE) was an ancient Greek Alexandrian scholar, native of Cyrene, who attained distinction in many fields including philosophy, mathematics, astronomy and history. He expanded the library's holdings: in Alexandria all books had to be surrendered for duplication. He is also regarded as the Father of Geography.. The multiples of a given prime are generated starting from that prime, as a sequence of numbers with the same difference, equal to that prime, between consecutive numbers. What happened to most of the information accumulated there? We know him best for two important achievements: producing an accurate estimate of how big Earth is; and devising a method to find prime numbers. His mathematical work is known principally from the writings of the Greek geometer Pappus of Alexandria, and his geographical work from the first two books of the Geography of the Greek geographer Strabo. The inscription that Eratosthenes made in the mesolabe that he gave to Ptolemy III, said: "This you have at hand, friend, if you want to get double a small cube, or that transformation into any other solid figure, and also if you measure in this way an enclosure or a silo or the concave cavity of a well when you take the concurrences means between extreme limits within double rules . Shcheglov, D.A. Eratosthenes made many important contributions to science and mathematics. environment that offers balanced, up-to-date coverage of geology, oceanography, astronomy, and meteorology. After study in Alexandria and Athens, Eratosthenes settled in Alexandria about 255 bce and became director of the great library there. If you ask any geographer to name a person who was responsible for the founding of their discipline, theyre likely to say, Ptolemy. Claudius Ptolemaeus lived in second-century Alexandria from 100 AD to 170 AD, writing the Geographike hyphegesis (c150), also known as the Geography. Eratosthenes of Cyrene (/ r t s n i z /; Greek: [eratostns]; c. 276 BC - c. 195/194 BC) was a Greek polymath: a mathematician, geographer, poet, astronomer, and music theorist.He was a man of learning, becoming the chief librarian at the Library of Alexandria.His work is comparable to what is now known as the study of geography, and he . . This work was highly esteemed for its accuracy. But he did not find in them a style that appealed to him. Between 276 and 195 BC, he created one of the first known maps of the world, but his most significant contribution was the concept of latitude and longitude. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Which common nonsilicate mineral is used in wallboard. In the 1960's, Eratosthenes crater was identified by Gene Shoemaker and Robert Hackman as a key stratigraphic marker delimiting the longest period (Eratosthenian) of the lunar timescale, thought to range from about 3.2 to 1.1 billion years old! He lived from 276 to 194 B.C. Eratosthenes was the first person to use the word "geography" and other geographical terms that are still in use today, and his efforts to calculate the circumference of the Earth and the distance from the Earth to the Sun paved the way for our modern understanding of the cosmos.